Bone infection

BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS 

 

Osteomyelitis is the name given to infections of the bone. This may be acute or chronic in nature. More than 90% of acute osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae but also cause an acute infection of Haemophilus inflenzae bone is rare due to the widespread use of Hib vaccine.

 

Bone has been infected by the bacteria move into the bloodstream, where seeds of infection. Acute osteomyelitis usually affects the long bones points higher, because blood flow is slow in these areas. This allows the possibility of bacteria in motion to resolve the infection and establish at these sites. Although rare, osteomyelitis more often in children and adolescents who are growing rapidly. Sometimes, acute osteomyelitis can cause the spread of infection to adjacent tissues. In such cases, the infection is likely to be polymicrobial.

The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of chronic osteomyelitis. This condition causes the secondary spread of a lung infection. Unlike osteomyelitis, which affects the growing points of long bones chronic osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is most likely to affect the vertebrae. Other bones, including hip and knee and leg in your hands or feet, may be involved in chronic osteomyelitis. The pressure on the spinal cord due to chronic osteomyelitis may be enough to cause paralysis in the affected region.

 

A bacterial infection of a joint can cause serious and potentially destructive form of arthritis, often called septic arthritis. Common bacterial infections can be caused by a variety of organisms and can occur in natural and artificial joints (eg after total knee arthroplasty). The most frequent common infection caused by N. gonorrhea, sexually transmitted bacteria that cause gonorrhea, this is called a gonococcal joint infection. mixed infection with other types of bacteria called nongonococcal bacterial (septic) arthritis. Infection of an artificial joint is known that infection prosthesis.

 

People who have artificial joints are at risk of developing a common infection. Approximately 0.5 to 1 percent of the population with replacement joints to develop such an infection. Infections may occur during early recovery from hip replacement surgery (within the first two months) or much later. Unfortunately, artificial joint infections are difficult to treat. This is due, in part, the development of structures known as biofilms within the commune. Biofilm develops when bacteria are in accordance with the common artificial solid surface. Biofilm can act as a shield against some bacteria, making it difficult for bacteria to find and destroy the body's natural defenses or antibiotics.

 

Other bacteria that cause chronic osteomyelitis include salmonella and other coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the spirochetes Treponema pallidum. This can cause bone lesions in children with congenital syphilis. Also cause sensitization to gum formation of bone in patients suffering from tertiary syphilis. Recent archaeological evidence suggests that bone lesions caused by syphilis is evident in the bones of Europe before the discovery of America. These doubts about the theory that Christopher Columbus brought syphilis during his first return from the New

World.

 

Bone and joint infections occur when a bacterial infection spread from one part of the body for a bone or joint through the bloodstream. The infected bone begins to produce pus, which may cause an abscess or pocket of pus. Over time, the infection can disrupt the blood supply of bone. This can cause the bone to die. One of the most common bone and joint infection called osteomyelitis. Bone and joint infections can cause symptoms such as bone pain, swelling, fever and nausea. Several factors increase a person's risk of bone and joint infections, including trauma, diabetes, dialysis and the use of intravenous drugs. If you experience symptoms similar to those of a bone or joint infection, you should be seen by a specialist in infectious diseases.

 

Gram-positive organisms, particularly staphylococci and streptococci, which are responsible for most infections in bones and joints. The treatment of these infections can be difficult, usually associated with long-term course of antibiotics, often with surgery. The choice of antibiotics depends on the sensitivity profile, patient tolerance and long-term goals, such as the treatment or suppression, but only a few randomized controlled trial in patients compared the efficacy of different antibiotics. Varying degrees of bone penetration and clinical outcome of certain antibiotics, such as beta-lactams, clindamycin and quinolones, has been described, although the method of these studies are not standardized and results are not always be applied directly to patients.

 

The effect of achieving a minimum bactericidal concentration of serum in patients has also been studied, but no longer routinely recommended in clinical practice. Comparative clinical trials are few but have demonstrated the efficacy of oral fluoroquinolones in combination with rifampicin or fusidic acid for selected Gram-positive infections. In the last decade, more and more resistant organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and vancomycin resistant enterococci have been recognized as causes of infection in orthopedics. Individual case reports describe successful treatment with new antibiotics, for example, linezolid and quinupristin / dalfopristin, but results of clinical trials are expected.