Required immunizations are prescribed by international regulations for entery into certain areas and recommended vaccinations are advisable
VACCINATIONS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND ADVICE TO TRAVELERS :
VACCINATIONS
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements of public health of the twentieth century and one of the few cost-effective interventions to prevent infectious diseases.
DEFINITIONS. - Active immunization: the administration of antigen to induction of immune defenses .
- Passive immunization: the provision of temporary protection by the injection of exogenous immune substances produced.
- Immunizing agents .
- vaccine : A attenuated live or killed preparation of microorganisms or portions of antigenic agents used for induction of immunity and for disease prevention.
- Toxoid :A bacterial toxin which is modified ,and that has been rendered non toxic to stimulate the antitoxin formation by retaining the capacity .
- Immune globulin :Protein fraction which is containing antibody ,derived from human blood plasma , used in immunodeficient persons for maintaining defensive immunity for passive immunization when active immunization is impossible.
- Antitoxin : Derived antibody from the animal serum with specific antigens after stimulation ,it can be used for provision of passive immunity to the toxin protein to which it is directed.
VACCINE FOR ROUTINE USE
For the recommended immunization schedule for childhood and adolescence and for adults with certain medical conditions .
ADVICE FOR TRAVELERS
Travellers should be aware of health risks that may be associated with different locations since. Information about specific risks for the country to be published in CDC Health Information for International Travel.
VACCINATION FOR TRAVEL
There are three types of immunizations for travel .
- Routine immunizations : It is necessary regardless of travel. Passengers, however, to ensure that their routine immunizations are up to date, because certain diseases (eg, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles) are more likely to be acquired outside the United States than ours.
- Required immunizations : are prescribed by international regulations for entry into certain areas.
- Recommended immmunizations : it is advisable, since they protect against disease, including the acquisition of the traveler is at increased risk.
PREVENTION OF MALARIA AND OTHER INSECT-BORNE DISEASES
Chemoprophylaxis against malaria and other measures can be recommended for travel. In the U.S., it seems that 90% of infections with Plasmodium falciparum among returnees and immigration from Africa and Oceania, the destination will help you determine the particular drug selected (for example. .. on P. falciparum resistant to chloroquine is present) which is preferred by travelers and medical history. In addition, personal protective measures against mosquito bites, especially between ducsk and dawn (e.g .. use insect repellent containing DEET, permethrin-impregnated nets and be projected bedrooms which can prevent malaria and other diseases transmitted by insects (eg dengue) .
PREVENTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS
Diarrhea is the leading cause of illness in travelers. Has the highest incidence in parts of Africa. Central and South America. And South-East Asia. Travelers should eat only thoroughly cooked food hot, peeled or cooked fruit and liquid vegetablesand bottled or boiled. Although self-limited diarrhea to change travel plans, and only 20% and bring the drug itself bed.Travelers treatment.Mild moderate diarrhea can be treated with loperamide and fluid. Moderate or severe diarrhea should be treated during 3 days or a single dose of fluoroquinolones, high resistance to quinolones in Campylobacter Thailand azithromycin is a better choice for the country. Prophylactic subsaicylate bismuth is 60% effective and a single dose of quinolone and very effective distances of lasted: However, preventive care is generally not recommended.
OTHER INFECTIONS
Travelers are at high risk for :- Sexually transmitted diseases can be preventable by using condom .
- Schistosomiasis ,it can be preventable by swimming avoidance or fresh water bathing avoidance in lakes ,rivers in endemic areas .
- And avoidance of bare foot walking outside for the prevention of Hook worm and Strongyloides infectious diseases.
TRAVEL DURING PREGNANCY
The safest part of pregnancy where the journey is between 18 and 24 weeks. Contraindications for international travel during pregnancy include a history of miscarriage, premature delivery, incompetent cervix, or toxemia, or other general health problems (eg diabetes). Areas of excessive risk-taking (for example .. if i live virus vaccines are needed for the trip, or multi-drug resistant malaria is endemic) should be avoided during pregnancy.
THE HIV - INFECTED TRAVELERS
HIV positive individuals with CD4 + T cells that are normal or > 500 / l microphone does not seem to be at greater risk during the trip. However, people with depression of CD4 + cells should seek advice from a health care traveler before departure, especially when traveling in the developing world. This consultation should include a discussion about the appropriate use of vaccines (for example .. live vaccine against yellow fever is not recommended for people living with HIV), prophylactic medication issues include the systematic denial of entry to persons HIV-positive people in several countries.
PROBLEMS AFTER RETURN FROM TRAVEL
- Diarrhea: After traveler's :diarrhea, symptoms may persist due to the continued presence of pathogens (eg Giardia lamblia and Cyclospora cayetanensis ..), or more frequently, due to postinfectious as intolerance or irritable bowel syndrome lectose . A trial of metronidazole for giardiasis, a lactose-free diet, or a trial of high doses of lactulose mucilloid hydrophilic (as well as for constipation) can relieve symptoms.
- Fever, malaria should be considered as the first diagnosis, whether a traveler returning from an endemic area of the mouth. viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, enteric bacteria, arbovirus infections, rickettsial infections, and amebic liver are other possibilities.
- Skin conditions : pyoderma, sunburn, insect bites, skin ulcers and cutaneous larva migrans skin conditions are common in most returning travelers.
VACCINATIONS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND ADVICE TO TRAVELERS :
VACCINATIONS
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements of public health of the twentieth century and one of the few cost-effective interventions to prevent infectious diseases.
DEFINITIONS.
- Active immunization: the administration of antigen to induction of immune defenses .
- Passive immunization: the provision of temporary protection by the injection of exogenous immune substances produced.
- Immunizing agents .
- vaccine : A attenuated live or killed preparation of microorganisms or portions of antigenic agents used for induction of immunity and for disease prevention.
- Toxoid :A bacterial toxin which is modified ,and that has been rendered non toxic to stimulate the antitoxin formation by retaining the capacity .
- Immune globulin :Protein fraction which is containing antibody ,derived from human blood plasma , used in immunodeficient persons for maintaining defensive immunity for passive immunization when active immunization is impossible.
- Antitoxin : Derived antibody from the animal serum with specific antigens after stimulation ,it can be used for provision of passive immunity to the toxin protein to which it is directed.
VACCINE FOR ROUTINE USE
For the recommended immunization schedule for childhood and adolescence and for adults with certain medical conditions .
ADVICE FOR TRAVELERS
Travellers should be aware of health risks that may be associated with different locations since. Information about specific risks for the country to be published in CDC Health Information for International Travel.
VACCINATION FOR TRAVEL
There are three types of immunizations for travel .
- Routine immunizations : It is necessary regardless of travel. Passengers, however, to ensure that their routine immunizations are up to date, because certain diseases (eg, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles) are more likely to be acquired outside the United States than ours.
- Required immunizations : are prescribed by international regulations for entry into certain areas.
- Recommended immmunizations : it is advisable, since they protect against disease, including the acquisition of the traveler is at increased risk.
PREVENTION OF MALARIA AND OTHER INSECT-BORNE DISEASES
Chemoprophylaxis against malaria and other measures can be recommended for travel. In the U.S., it seems that 90% of infections with Plasmodium falciparum among returnees and immigration from Africa and Oceania, the destination will help you determine the particular drug selected (for example. .. on P. falciparum resistant to chloroquine is present) which is preferred by travelers and medical history. In addition, personal protective measures against mosquito bites, especially between ducsk and dawn (e.g .. use insect repellent containing DEET, permethrin-impregnated nets and be projected bedrooms which can prevent malaria and other diseases transmitted by insects (eg dengue) .
PREVENTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL ILLNESS
Diarrhea is the leading cause of illness in travelers. Has the highest incidence in parts of Africa. Central and South America. And South-East Asia. Travelers should eat only thoroughly cooked food hot, peeled or cooked fruit and liquid vegetablesand bottled or boiled. Although self-limited diarrhea to change travel plans, and only 20% and bring the drug itself bed.Travelers treatment.Mild moderate diarrhea can be treated with loperamide and fluid. Moderate or severe diarrhea should be treated during 3 days or a single dose of fluoroquinolones, high resistance to quinolones in Campylobacter Thailand azithromycin is a better choice for the country. Prophylactic subsaicylate bismuth is 60% effective and a single dose of quinolone and very effective distances of lasted: However, preventive care is generally not recommended.
OTHER INFECTIONS
Travelers are at high risk for :
- Sexually transmitted diseases can be preventable by using condom .
- Schistosomiasis ,it can be preventable by swimming avoidance or fresh water bathing avoidance in lakes ,rivers in endemic areas .
- And avoidance of bare foot walking outside for the prevention of Hook worm and Strongyloides infectious diseases.
TRAVEL DURING PREGNANCY
The safest part of pregnancy where the journey is between 18 and 24 weeks. Contraindications for international travel during pregnancy include a history of miscarriage, premature delivery, incompetent cervix, or toxemia, or other general health problems (eg diabetes). Areas of excessive risk-taking (for example .. if i live virus vaccines are needed for the trip, or multi-drug resistant malaria is endemic) should be avoided during pregnancy.
THE HIV - INFECTED TRAVELERS
HIV positive individuals with CD4 + T cells that are normal or > 500 / l microphone does not seem to be at greater risk during the trip. However, people with depression of CD4 + cells should seek advice from a health care traveler before departure, especially when traveling in the developing world. This consultation should include a discussion about the appropriate use of vaccines (for example .. live vaccine against yellow fever is not recommended for people living with HIV), prophylactic medication issues include the systematic denial of entry to persons HIV-positive people in several countries.
PROBLEMS AFTER RETURN FROM TRAVEL
- Diarrhea: After traveler's :diarrhea, symptoms may persist due to the continued presence of pathogens (eg Giardia lamblia and Cyclospora cayetanensis ..), or more frequently, due to postinfectious as intolerance or irritable bowel syndrome lectose . A trial of metronidazole for giardiasis, a lactose-free diet, or a trial of high doses of lactulose mucilloid hydrophilic (as well as for constipation) can relieve symptoms.
- Fever, malaria should be considered as the first diagnosis, whether a traveler returning from an endemic area of the mouth. viral hepatitis, typhoid fever, enteric bacteria, arbovirus infections, rickettsial infections, and amebic liver are other possibilities.
- Skin conditions : pyoderma, sunburn, insect bites, skin ulcers and cutaneous larva migrans skin conditions are common in most returning travelers.
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