Lower respiratory infections

In the health  the lower respiratory tract is normally sterile owing to a highly efficient defence system and lower respiratory tract is frequently compromised by smoking

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS 

Lower respiratory infections cause disease in the air sacs and the infection that results is called pneumonia. This part of the paper will address the various types of pneumonia (eg, generally, chronic interstitial pneumonia and fungal) and agents that cause them.

Acute respiratory infections are a public health problem of constant and widespread. Cause a greater burden of disease in the world that infection with human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, cancer or heart attacks.In  United States, causing more diseases and deaths than any other disease, and there was little change in mortality from respiratory tract infection for more than five decades.1 2 the results of an acute lower respiratory tract depends on the virulence of the organism and response of inflammation in the lung.

Changes in the characteristics of the aging population and the swelling numbers of immunocompromised patients with conditions increased the number of people in danger. A wide selection of new pathogens also provides challenges for the microbiology laboratory. Overtreatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis, which is largely due to viruses, has led to unprecedented levels of multidrug resistance among invasive pathogens such as Streptococcous pneumoniae. Guidelines for a rational approach to evaluation and treatment of patients with acute bronchitis have been published recently in an attempt to reduce misuse of antibiotics and an attempt to prevent further increases in resistance rates. The role of the laboratory are very limited.

PNEUMONIA 

Pneumonia. It comes in a variety of situations and treatment should vary depending on the situation. It is classified as community or hospital acquired, depending on where the patient contracted the infection. Sometimes it is fatal in older people or those who are immunocompromised. The most common treatment is antibiotics and vary in their side effects and effectiveness. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five years. The most common cause of pneumonia is a bacterial pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for two thirds of bacteremic pneumonia.

A dangerous type of lung infection with a mortality of about 25%. For optimal management of a pneumonia patient, the following assessment - pneumonia severity (including whether to treat as home, hospital or intensive care), identification of the bacteria, the analgesia for chest pain, need for supplemental oxygen, physical therapy, hydration, bronchodilators and possible complications of emphysema or lung abscess.

Community respiratory infections appropriate use of fluoroquinolones is a therapeutic option. These have been shown to be targeted in vitro and typical and atypical pathogens of interest. newer fluoroquinolones (eg moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin) have extended the activities Gram + ve, and once a day and, consequently, the potential first-line treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. However, clinical response is the best indicator of effectiveness of moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin, and have proved effective against community-acquired respiratory tract infections clinically.