INFECTIOUS NON - INFLAMMATORY DIARRHEAS
Travellers are the largest group at risk of giardiasis infection, especially those traveling to developing countries. Giardiasis is common among hikers and campers, people who swim in public pools, children attending day care, and gay men. Others are high-risk close contacts of infected people and those with contact with infected animals.
INCUBATION PERIOD
Symptoms usually begin 1-2 weeks (an average of seven days) after a person is infected. In healthy people, symptoms can last from 2-6 weeks. Although symptoms may last longer, medications can help reduce the duration of symptoms.
TRANSMISSION
Giardiasis is caused by ingestion of infected cysts. There are several modes of communication including bilateral disease, water and sexually transmitted diseases. Bilateral transfer of the majority of infections with Giardia and is generally associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. transmission of water is common in the United States Giardia outbreaks, often associated with ingestion of unfiltered water (polluted). Sex of disease transmission occurs through fecal-oral contamination. Moreover, changing diapers, and hand washing is a low risk factors for transmission of infected children. Finally, Giardia outbreaks of epidemics has been developed for food contamination by infected food handlers.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
It is estimated that between 1% and 20% of the U.S. population has giardiasis, and this figure could be 20% or more in developing countries where giardiasis is a major cause of infantile diarrhea epidemic. But more than two-thirds of those infected may have no signs or symptoms of the disease, although the living parasite in their intestines. When the parasite causes symptoms, the illness usually begins with severe watery diarrhea without blood or mucus. Giardiasis affects the body's ability to absorb fat from the diet, so the diarrhea contains unabsorbed fats. This means that the diarrhea floats, is shiny and smells terrible.
DIAGNOSIS
It can diagnosed by parasite antigen detection in stool and /or multiple freshly collected samples of stool ,use to identify cyst by concentration methods ( oval with four nuclei ) or trophozoites ( pear shaped ,flattened parasites with two nuclei and four pairs of flagella ).
TREATMENT
Giardiasis is the most common treatment of metronidazole (Flagyl) is 5-10 days. Giardia does not suffocate with over 85% of the time, but often cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, metallic taste and dizziness and headache. Although its efficacy, metronidazole is not FDA approved for the treatment of giardiasis United States. Only approved drug for the treatment of giardiasis in the United States and furazolidone (Furoxone) is 7-10 days. And broadly as effective as metronidazole. Tinidazole is available outside the U.S. is highly effective in treating Giardiasis (90%). It can also be administered as a single dose and is well tolerated. Quinacrina is a highly effective treatment for giardiasis, but is no longer available in U.S. paromomycin and albendazole are equally effective than other treatments.
Sometimes the treatment fail to eliminate Giardia. In this case, drugs may be altered or longer or higher dose may be used. Combination therapy may also be effective (e.g, quinacrina and metronidazole).
GIARDIASIS
Giardiasis, a disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract, is caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. The parasite attaches to the mucosa of the small intestine in humans, which sabotages the body absorb fats and carbohydrates in food digestion. Giardia is a major cause of diarrhea in the United States, and is transmitted by contaminated water. It can survive the normal amount of chlorine used to purify the water supply of the Community, and can live more than two months in cold water. As little as 10 microscopic parasites in a glass of water can cause a severe case of giardiasis in a human being who drinks it.
Giardiasis, a disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract, is caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. The parasite attaches to the mucosa of the small intestine in humans, which sabotages the body absorb fats and carbohydrates in food digestion. Giardia is a major cause of diarrhea in the United States, and is transmitted by contaminated water. It can survive the normal amount of chlorine used to purify the water supply of the Community, and can live more than two months in cold water. As little as 10 microscopic parasites in a glass of water can cause a severe case of giardiasis in a human being who drinks it.
Travellers are the largest group at risk of giardiasis infection, especially those traveling to developing countries. Giardiasis is common among hikers and campers, people who swim in public pools, children attending day care, and gay men. Others are high-risk close contacts of infected people and those with contact with infected animals.
INCUBATION PERIOD
Symptoms usually begin 1-2 weeks (an average of seven days) after a person is infected. In healthy people, symptoms can last from 2-6 weeks. Although symptoms may last longer, medications can help reduce the duration of symptoms.
TRANSMISSION
Giardiasis is caused by ingestion of infected cysts. There are several modes of communication including bilateral disease, water and sexually transmitted diseases. Bilateral transfer of the majority of infections with Giardia and is generally associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. transmission of water is common in the United States Giardia outbreaks, often associated with ingestion of unfiltered water (polluted). Sex of disease transmission occurs through fecal-oral contamination. Moreover, changing diapers, and hand washing is a low risk factors for transmission of infected children. Finally, Giardia outbreaks of epidemics has been developed for food contamination by infected food handlers.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
It is estimated that between 1% and 20% of the U.S. population has giardiasis, and this figure could be 20% or more in developing countries where giardiasis is a major cause of infantile diarrhea epidemic. But more than two-thirds of those infected may have no signs or symptoms of the disease, although the living parasite in their intestines. When the parasite causes symptoms, the illness usually begins with severe watery diarrhea without blood or mucus. Giardiasis affects the body's ability to absorb fat from the diet, so the diarrhea contains unabsorbed fats. This means that the diarrhea floats, is shiny and smells terrible.
DIAGNOSIS
It can diagnosed by parasite antigen detection in stool and /or multiple freshly collected samples of stool ,use to identify cyst by concentration methods ( oval with four nuclei ) or trophozoites ( pear shaped ,flattened parasites with two nuclei and four pairs of flagella ).
TREATMENT
Giardiasis is the most common treatment of metronidazole (Flagyl) is 5-10 days. Giardia does not suffocate with over 85% of the time, but often cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, metallic taste and dizziness and headache. Although its efficacy, metronidazole is not FDA approved for the treatment of giardiasis United States. Only approved drug for the treatment of giardiasis in the United States and furazolidone (Furoxone) is 7-10 days. And broadly as effective as metronidazole. Tinidazole is available outside the U.S. is highly effective in treating Giardiasis (90%). It can also be administered as a single dose and is well tolerated. Quinacrina is a highly effective treatment for giardiasis, but is no longer available in U.S. paromomycin and albendazole are equally effective than other treatments.
Sometimes the treatment fail to eliminate Giardia. In this case, drugs may be altered or longer or higher dose may be used. Combination therapy may also be effective (e.g, quinacrina and metronidazole).
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